Ghi ch\u00fa: T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111ang kh\u00e1 \u0111au \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u00f4n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc b\u1edfi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1edb, hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t.Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 Vietlearn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eebng qu\u00e1 lo l\u1eafng! H\u00f4m nay, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd chia s\u1ebb \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n n\u1ed9i dung t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y. C\u00f9ng h\u1ecdc h\u00f3a v\u1edbi Vietlearn ngay nh\u00e9!<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u1ecb tr\u00ed trong b\u1ea3ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n, c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh electron nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m IA trong b\u1ea3ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. Kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m bao g\u1ed3m 6 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 : liti (Li), natri (Na), kali (K), rubi\u0111i (Rb), xesi (Cs) v\u00e0 franxi (Fr)*.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh electron nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Li: [He] 2s1<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Na: [Ne] 3s1<\/p>\n\n\n\n
K: [Ar]4s1<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Rb: [Kr] 5s1<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cs: [Xe] 6s1<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u1ede kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd, c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t chung nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00f3 m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00e1nh kim<\/p>\n\n\n\n
D\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00f4i th\u1ea5p<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang nh\u1ecf<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea5p do kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m c\u00f3 m\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m kh\u1ed1i, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed7ng, ngo\u00e0i ra trong tinh th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 ion li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft kim lo\u1ea1i y\u1ebfu, d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb b\u1ebb g\u00e3y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ion h\u00f3a nh\u1ecf (t\u00ednh oxi h\u00f3a y\u1ebfu) n\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kh\u1eed r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh, t\u00ednh kh\u1eed theo chi\u1ec1u t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb liti \u0111\u1ebfn xesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u2192M++e<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 oxi h\u00f3a l\u00e0 +1 trong c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m khi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi oxi<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi phi kim<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m kh\u1eed c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed phi kim th\u00e0nh ion \u00e2m, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi oxi<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Natri ch\u00e1y trong kh\u00ed oxi kh\u00f4 t\u1ea1o ra h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t natri peoxit (Na2O2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u00e0 Natri ch\u00e1y trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed kh\u00f4 \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1o ra h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t natri oxit (Na2O).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi clo: 2K + Cl2 \u2192 2KCl<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi axit<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m kh\u1eed m\u1ea1nh ion H+ trong dung d\u1ecbch axit HCl v\u00e0 H2SO4 lo\u00e3ng th\u00e0nh kh\u00ed hi\u0111ro:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2Na + 2HCl \u2192 2NaCl + H2\u2191<\/p>\n\n\n\n
L\u01b0u \u00fd: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed5 khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi axit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u00ed hi\u0111ro: 2K + 2H2O \u2192 2KOH + H2\u2191<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u00ec kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m d\u1ec5 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1edbi oxi trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ng\u00e2m ch\u00ecm c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m trong d\u1ea7u h\u1ecfa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m: d\u00f9ng ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o h\u1ee3p kim c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y th\u1ea5p; h\u1ee3p kim liti \u2013 nh\u00f4m si\u00eau nh\u1eb9, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong k\u0129 thu\u1eadt h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng; xesi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m t\u1ebf b\u00e0o quang \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m: kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1edf d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01a1n ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf d\u1ea1ng h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t, mu\u1ed1i NaCl t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t \u1edf d\u1ea1ng silicat v\u00e0 aluminat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t, ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i kh\u1eed c\u00e1c ion c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t: M++e\u2192M<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec7n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m. V\u00ec ion c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 b\u1ecb kh\u1eed, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n mu\u1ed1i halogenua c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m<\/p>\n\n\n\n
H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Natri hi\u0111roxit<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t: Natri hi\u0111roxit (NaOH) hay x\u00fat \u0103n da c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
L\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn,<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u,<\/p>\n\n\n\n
D\u1ec5 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y (tnc = 322oC),<\/p>\n\n\n\n
H\u00fat \u1ea9m m\u1ea1nh (d\u1ec5 ch\u1ea3y r\u1eefa),<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tan nhi\u1ec1u trong n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1ecfa ra m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn khi h\u00f2a tan NaOH trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Khi tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, NaOH ph\u00e2n li ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ion. Natri hi\u0111roxit c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t: oxit axit, axit v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng: Natri hi\u0111roxit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t x\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng, ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea9m nhu\u1ed9m, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u01a1 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o, tinh ch\u1ebf qu\u1eb7ng nh\u00f4m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3 trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf,\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Natri hi\u0111rocacbonat (NaHCO3)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t: l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng, \u00edt tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec7t ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y t\u1ea1o ra Na2CO3 v\u00e0 kh\u00ed CO2; c\u00f3 t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng: d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf thu\u1ed1c \u0111au d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m hay s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u00e0m b\u1ed9t n\u1edf trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Natri cacbonat (Na2CO3)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/p>\n\n\n\n
L\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng, tan nhi\u1ec1u trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf d\u1ea1ng mu\u1ed1i ng\u1eadm n\u01b0\u1edbc Na2CO3.10H2O trong nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 k\u1ebft tinh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh natri cacbonat khan trong nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y l\u00e0 850oC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Na2CO3 l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a axit y\u1ebfu (axit cacbonic), s\u1edf h\u1eefu nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh chung c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng: \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ee7y tinh, ph\u1ea9m nhu\u1ed9m,b\u1ed9t gi\u1eb7t,\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kali nitrat (KNO3)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t: l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tinh th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u, b\u1ec1n trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, tan nhi\u1ec1u trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Khi \u0111un n\u00f3ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y (333 oC), KNO3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y th\u00e0nh O2 v\u00e0 KNO2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng: d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1m, ph\u00e2n kali s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng trong \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
L\u1eddi k\u1ebft<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 C\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m m\u00e0 Vietlearn ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n chia s\u1ebb \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n. Hy v\u1ecdng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft b\u1ed5 \u00edch s\u1ebd g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 l\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb. Ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng hay kim lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 n\u1ed7i \u00e1m \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n n\u1eefa. Ch\u00fac c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp<\/a> th\u1eadt t\u1ed1t nh\u00e9!<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Ghi ch\u00fa: T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00edch d\u1eabn Ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111ang kh\u00e1 \u0111au \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u00f4n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc b\u1edfi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1edb, hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t.Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 Vietlearn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eebng qu\u00e1 lo l\u1eafng! H\u00f4m nay, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-961","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoa-hoc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/961","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=961"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/961\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=961"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=961"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=961"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}